Symbols in Jain Art
In the religion Jainism, the art and architecture can closely resemble that of Hinduism and Buddhism, with some differences. Because most artists at the time belonged to independent guilds who would serve any religion, including Buddhism and Hinduism, Jain art is similar in style to neighboring religions, with differences in iconography and theme. One of the most common of icons in Jain art is the image of the seated Tirthankara. This image is often present as a sculpture in most Jain temples and places of worship. The seated Tirthankara is extremely common because of its meditative posture, or dhyanamudra. A significant symbol used often in Jainism is the swastika. For Jains, this symbol represents peace and prosperity, two vital attributes of this non-violent religion. This symbol has been used commonly in other well-known religions, such as Buddhism and Hinduism. However, during the 20th century, the meaning of the sacred symbol was changed after the Nazi Party in Germany adopted it as their official logo. Continuing, another icon used in Jainism are the yakshas and yakshinis, the male and female supernatural guardians. They are usually depicted in sculptures. These forms are neither divine nor eternal and are often similar to humans, as they pass through the cycles of life and death. They protect true worshippers of Jainism on their path through life. |
Temple Art and Architecture
Additionally, much Jain art is highly embroidered and detailed. Temple art is among the most magnificent. Animals and nature can play a central role in temple art. Jains believe that there cannot be human peace at the expense of harming nature or animals. One of the most iconic Jain images is that of the Samavasaran, depicting the sermon given by a Tirthankara after attaining enlightenment. While Mahavira was sharing his knowledge, all kinds of species joined the congregation, and all could clearly see Mahavira and understand the message in their own language. Another popular way that Jains expressed their art was illuminated manuscripts. These manuscripts are not common, seeing as scribing the teachings of the Jinas was originally outlawed. The manuscripts were constructed in a very interesting manner. The earliest Jain illuminated manuscripts are inscribed and painted on prepared palm-leaves and bound with cords passing through holes in the folios. The folios are encased in wooden covers that are often decorated with religious or historical themes. Jain religious monuments are among the oldest and most ornate edifices erected in India. The Jain community was responsible for commissioning some of India's most lavish temples, both rock-cut and free-standing. The most famous are the spectacular white marble temples at Mount Abu. Other sacred mountain sites with temples include Ranakpur in Rajasthan, Girnar and Satrunjaya (near Palitana) in Gujarat, Sammeda in Bihar, Sravana Belgola in Karnataka and Ashtapada in the Himalayas. These architectural complexes represent the epitome of the Jain medieval temple tradition. Often placed in relatively unadorned enclosures, these temples are encrusted with sculpture, dazzling the worshipper with their wealth of imagery and sophisticated carving. |